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Turbo Braille Screen 1
Using The Help Screens
You may move around and explore the help screens by typing N
for the Next screen, by typing P for the previous screen, by
typing Q for Quit, or by typing J and a number to jump to a
specific screen. Both upper and lower case letters are
recognized. Enter your selection and press the return key. You
will return to the Turbo Braille pprompt "TBRL3>" when you are
finished. To exit from Turbo Braille, at the TBRL3> prompt,
press return and follow directions.
- 1 -
Turbo Braille Screen 2
What You May Enter
At the TBRL3-> prompt you may enter: (1) an input file
name, possibly an ambiguous one with the DOS wild card characters
"*" or "?"; (2) a Turbo Braille command, beginning with a slash
or a dash to distinguish it from a dot command or a file name,
followed by a letter and a number; (3) a Turbo Braille "dot
command," beginning with a period to distinguish it from a file
name and other Turbo Braille commands, followed by two characters
and possibly other optional information.
- 2 -
Turbo Braille Screen 3
If you enter the name of a file, Turbo Braille will examine
it and figure out what kind of file it is from the contents of
the file.
Types Of Input Files
You may enter the name of a WordStar document file, a
WordPerfect document file, an ASCII file formatted for printing,
or a "Braille Intermediate File" created automatically by Turbo
Braille, or directly with the help of an ASCII editor. A "BIF
file" contains the text of the original document in ASCII format
- 3 -
Turbo Braille Screen 4
together with formatting commands intended for Turbo Braille.
You may edit these formatting commands for precise control over
the resulting braille document.
Files Not Processed
When using wild card characters, it is easy to specify more
files than you intend. Therefore files with certain file name
extensions will not be processed by Turbo Braille. These are the
DOS file extensions .COM, .EXE, .LIB, .OBJ, and .SYS; the backup
file extensions .BAK and .BK!; the data compression file
- 4 -
Turbo Braille Screen 5
extensions .ARC, .LZH, .ZIP, and .ZOO; and the KANSYS Inc. file
extensions .BRL, .CFG, and .PVX. Files with these extensions are
unlikely to contain text and must be renamed if they are to be
processed.
Types Of Outputs
You may want to create a BIF file automatically from
WordStar documents, WordPerfect documents, or ASCII printer
files; or you may want to produce a finished braille document
from BIF files, or directly from WordStar files, WordPerfect
- 5 -
Turbo Braille Screen 6
files, or ASCII printer files. You may want to send the
resulting braille translation directly to an embosser attached to
your computer, or write it to a disk file for later printing or
further processing.
Modes Of Operation
The program operates in a batch mode and in an interactive
mode. In the batch mode the file names and commands (or
"switches") follow the program name on the command line and are
processed strictly from left to right. Switches and dot commands
- 6 -
Turbo Braille Screen 7
affecting a given file must appear before the name of the file,
to its left on the command line. In the interactive mode they
are given one at a time at the prompt as needed. The batch mode
switches and interactive mode commands are identical with three
exceptions: there is a "/D" command but no "/D" switch, there is
a "/P" command but no "/P" switch, and there is a "/X" command
but no "/X" switch. There is a total of only a dozen commands
and nine switches.
To operate Turbo Braille in the batch mode, enter any
- 7 -
Turbo Braille Screen 8
desired switches, dot commands, and file names on the command
line, but do not use the /H switch. If other commands and file
names are included as well as the /H switch, Turbo Braille first
completes all requested batch mode processing and then enters
interactive mode. To operate Turbo Braille in the interactive
mode, enter the program name with no switches or file names on
the command line, or include only the /H switch on the command
line.
- 8 -
Turbo Braille Screen 9
Saving Program Setups
The program setup may be saved in your current directory (a
local setup) or in the directory where the program files are
stored (a global setup). A saved setup is recalled automatically
when Turbo Braille starts execution. A local setup is used if
present; otherwise a global setup is used. The /SL command saves
a local setup, while the /SG command saves a global one. The
batch mode switches /SL and /SG are also available.
- 9 -
Turbo Braille Screen 10
Commands And Switches
The following commands and switches are available in batch
mode and in interactive mode. The leading slash shown with each
switch or command may be replaced by a leading dash.
/C -- Produce multiple copies of a braille document. The
requested number of copies may all be sent to the printer or they
may all be written to a file. The default value is one; one copy
is produced. Usage:
/C###
- 10 -
Turbo Braille Screen 11
where "###" is the number of copies desired.
/D -- Shell to DOS. Turbo Braille lets you "shell to DOS"
in order to execute a single DOS command without leaving Turbo
Braille. To perform several DOS commands, use this switch to
execute the DOS command called "COMMAND." In that case you must
type "EXIT" to return to TurboBraille. Usage:
/D
/D:command
where "command" is the DOS command to execute. If you do not
- 11 -
Turbo Braille Screen 12
follow the "/D" with a colon and a command, Turbo Braille prompts
for the DOS command to execute.
/F -- Format output for a specific printer. Printer #0 is
the default printer. Other printers may be defined with the /P
command and selected for formatting by the /F switch or command.
You may not select a printer with /F that has not been defined
with the /P command. Usage:
/F#
where "#" is a digit indicating the desired printer, or may be
- 12 -
Turbo Braille Screen 13
"?" (interactive mode only) to show the current setting. See
also the "/P" command.
/H -- Help file (this file) display. Using the /H switch in
the batch mode automatically changes the batch run into an
interactive run. Usage:
/H
/J -- Jump over pages at start of braille document before
producing output. The default value is 0; no pages are jumped
over. Usage:
- 13 -
Turbo Braille Screen 14
/J###
where "###" is the number of pages to jump over. See also the
"/Q" command.
/M -- Make .BIF files, .BRL files, or both files, from the
original input documents. The default value "2" creates a
braille document only, with the extension ".BRL", and sends it to
the printer or to a file as directed by the /W switch or command.
Usage:
/M#
- 14 -
Turbo Braille Screen 15
where "#" is a digit in the range 0 through 3, or may be "?"
(interactive mode only) to show the current setting. "0" makes
no output; "1" makes a .BIF file; "2" makes a .BRL file; and "3"
makes both. See also the "/W" command.
/P -- Printer definition for up to ten printers. These
definitions may differ in maximum physical page lenngths, maximum
line widths, and page break method. A printer may also be
defined as single sided or interpoint. An interpoint printer is
always sent an even number of pages. This is an interactive mode
- 15 -
Turbo Braille Screen 16
command only; it is not available as a switch. Printer #0 is
defined as a single sided printer with a maximum of 27 lines by
40 cells with a form feed following each page, and may not be
user modified. Printers #1 through #9 must be user defined.
Usage:
/P#
where "#" is a digit in the range 0 through 9, or may be "?" to
show the currently defined printers. See also the "/F" command.
/Q -- Quit producing braille output after processing a
- 16 -
Turbo Braille Screen 17
specified number of pages. The default value is 0; the document
is processed all the way to the end. Usage:
/Q###
where "###" is the number of pages to quit after. See also the
"/J" command. The two commands /J10 /Q12 would produce two pages
of output, not twelve.
/S -- Show or save the current setup. The three variations
/S?, /SL, and /SG are available to show the data in the current
setup, to save it locally in the current directory, or to save it
- 17 -
Turbo Braille Screen 18
globally in the directory where Turbo Braille is stored. If the
current directory is the one where Turbo Braille is stored, then
/SL and /SG are identical. Usage:
/Sx
where "x" may be "?" (interactive mode only) to show the contents
of the setup, "L" for local save, or "G" for global save.
/V -- Set the verbosity level of the program. The default
value "0" produces very few messages during program execution.
Larger values produce more messages. Usage:
- 18 -
Turbo Braille Screen 19
/V#
where "#" is a digit in the range 0 through 9, or may be "?"
(interactive mode only) to show the current setting.
/W -- Write braille document to the printer (the DOS PRN
device), to a disk file, or to both. The default value "2"
writes to a disk file for later printing or further processing.
Usage:
/W#
where "#" is a digit in the range 0 through 3, or may be "?"
- 19 -
Turbo Braille Screen 20
(interactive mode only) to show the current setting. "0"
discards braille output, even if requested by /M2 or /M3; "1"
writes directly to the attached printer; "2" writes to a file
using the .BRL extension; "3" writes both to the printer and to a
file. See also the "/M" command.
/X -- String definition for up to ten escape sequences.
These escape sequences may select the printer paper length, set
top of form, switch between text and graphics mode, set six or
eight dot braille cells, or other hardware specific features.
- 20 -
Turbo Braille Screen 21
This is an interactive mode command only; not available as a
switch. All escape sequences, #0 through #9, must be user
defined.
Once an escape sequence has been defined, it may be invoked
by placing the corresponding dot command on the command line.
That is, dot command .X0 invokes the string defined by /X0, .X1
invokes the /X1 string, etc. Strings may be up to 80 characters
in length. Control characters are entered as two characters, a
caret (^) followed by the desired control character. Thus ^C is
- 21 -
Turbo Braille Screen 22
CTRL-C, ^J is linefeed, ^M is carraige return, ^X is CTRL-X, and
^[ is the ASCII escape character. Letters following the caret
may be either upper or lower case. Characters not following a
caret are processed without modification, just as they were
entered. Please consult your embosser manual to learn which
escape sequences to use for which printer features. Usage:
/X#
where "#" is a digit in the range 0 through 9, or may be "?" to
show the currently defined sequences. See also the ".X#" dot
command.
- 22 -
Turbo Braille Screen 23
Formatting Commands
Formatting is controlled by dot commands and imbedded
commands. Turbo Braille automatically inserts some commands of
each type when creating a BIF file or a finished braille document
directly from a source document; none are inserted when
translating a BIF file into braille. You may manually add other
dot commands and imbedded commands to those automatically
inserted in a BIF file for more precise control of the finished
product.
- 23 -
Turbo Braille Screen 24
Each dot command in a BIF file is complete on one line; it
does not share a line with the text of the document. Dot
commands are identified by a leading dot or period, which must
appear in position one of the line. Lines starting with two dots
or periods are treated as comments, and are ignored by Turbo
Braille. The dot commands automatically inserted by Turbo
Braille are: ".CE" center the next line; ".SP" insert a blank
line; ".BR" start a new line; ".PP" start a new paragraph; ".PN"
new page number detected in the source document; ".IT" italicize
the text on the next line.
- 24 -
Turbo Braille Screen 25
Some dot commands (e.g., .GR, .PL, and .RM) affect the
global format of the entire document, and others (e.g., .CE, .PP,
and .SP) affect the immediate local format. Those that affect
global format may appear on the command line or at the TBRL3>
prompt, as well as within a BIF file. Those that affect
immediate local format may appear only within a BIF file. The
dot commands affecting the global format of a document are:
(1) .bl (Bottom Line of odd pages,
even pages, or every page)
- 25 -
Turbo Braille Screen 26
(2) .bp (Begin new page and change Braille Page Number)
(3) .dv (Divider Lines for folding paper)
(4) .fi (Fill Lines)
(5) .gr (Grade of Braille Translation)
(6) .in (Indentation)
(7) .lc (Lower Case)
(8) .mc (Mixed Case)
(9) .nf (No Fill)
(10) .pl (Page Length in lines)
- 26 -
Turbo Braille Screen 27
(11) .po (Page Offset)
(12) .rh (Running Head)
(13) .rm (Right Margin)
(14) .tl (Top Line of odd pages, even pages, or every page)
Imbedded commands may appear in a BIF file on the same line
as the text of your document. They may occur between words, or
even within a word. Imbedded commands are identified by a
leading backslash character "\" followed by a single character to
specify a particular command. Two successive backslash
- 27 -
Turbo Braille Screen 28
characters in a BIF file are treated as an ordinary backslash
within the document. The imbedded commands automatically
inserted into a BIF file by Turbo Braille are: "\\" place a
single backslash character into the text; "\_" begin or end
underlining text; "\!" begin or end boldface text; and the three
"spring characters" which expand when translated to push
surrounding text toward the margins. These are "\:" to spread
spaces, "\." to spread the standard braille guide dot, and "\-"
to spread a solid line, such as that used for the print page
separator. Turbo Braille uses italics for both underlining and
- 28 -
Turbo Braille Screen 29
boldface as well as true italics in the source document.
Dot Commands
Below is an alphabetic list of valid dot commands with a
brief discussion of each one. Each dot command occupies a
complete line of the BIF file, and consists of a dot or period in
position one, two letters in positions two and three specifying
the command, and in many cases one or more optional arguments
providing additional information.
- 29 -
Turbo Braille Screen 30
(1) .BL
Bottom Line: The bottom line of each braille page may be
used for text or may contain a running title. It may also
contain no page number, a roman or arabic braille page number, or
a print page number at the right margin. Identical running
titles and page numbers may be placed on every page, or they may
be separately specified for odd numbered pages and even numbered
pages. Usage:
.BL x,y
- 30 -
Turbo Braille Screen 31
.BL x,y,1
.BL x,y,2
where "x" is 0, 1, 2, or 3, for text on the bottom line, blank
space on the bottom line, a left adjusted running title, or a
centered running title; and where "y" is 0, 1, 2, or 3 for no
page number, roman braille page number, arabic braille page
number, or print page number. The optional 1 or 2 in the third
position applies the specification to odd numbered pages (1) or
to even numbered pages (2). The default value is ".BL 0,0" to
use the bottom line for text with no page numbers on all pages.
- 31 -
Turbo Braille Screen 32
See also ".EP", ".PN", ".TL", and ".RH".
(2) .BP
Begin Page: This command starts a new braille page. It
works only when not already at the top of a page. You may also
change the page number of the page to be started by including the
desired page number with the command. The page number may be
relative to the present braille page or an arbitrary new page
number. If no new page number is requested, the present page
number plus one is used. If already positioned at the top of a
- 32 -
Turbo Braille Screen 33
page or at the start of the file, this command affects page
numbering, but will not skip a page, which would leave a blank
page in the document. Usage:
.BP
.BP n
.BP +n
.BP -n
where "n" is the number of the new braille page, and "+n" or "-n"
are relative to the present page number. See also ".EP" and
".PN".
- 33 -
Turbo Braille Screen 34
(3) .BR
Break: Normally, Turbo Braille ignores line breaks in the
BIF file and produces filled lines of text in the braille output.
This command lets you arbitrarily start a new braille line, even
if more text would fit on the current line. It is the Turbo
Braille equivalent of the "hard carriage return" used in word
processors. Usage:
.BR
where there are no arguments. See also ".FI" and ".NF".
- 34 -
Turbo Braille Screen 35
(4) .CE
Center: The next line or lines of text in the BIF file are
centered in the braille output. A line too long for the width of
the braille page is divided into two or three partsat convenient
places, and each part is independently centered. Usage:
.CE
.CE n
where "n" specifies how many lines that follow should be
centered. If no argument is used, one is assumed.
- 35 -
Turbo Braille Screen 36
(5) .DV
Divider: This command places a line of braille dots two and
five across the braille page at specified line locations so that
the page may later be folded. You may specify one or two lines
to fold the page in halves or in thirds. Usage:
.DV
.DV n
.DV n,n
where "n" is the number of the line or lines to fill with
- 36 -
Turbo Braille Screen 37
braille dots two and five. If no arguments are used, any
previous request is canceled.
(6) .EP
Extra Page: This command inserts an extra blank page into
the braille output. The extra page will contain only a running
head and page number, if these are in effect. If the argument
"1" is specified, this command works only if an odd number of
pages have already been produced; if the argument "2" is
specified, it works only if an even number of pages have already
- 37 -
Turbo Braille Screen 38
been produced; if neither a "1" nor a "2" is specified, it works
unconditionally. It is useful with interpoint printers, which
must receive an even number of pages in order to work properly.
Including this command with the argument "1" as the last line of
a BIF file guarantees that an even number of pages will be
generated. Usage:
.EP
.EP 1
.EP 2
where the first form always inserts an extra page, and the use of
- 38 -
Turbo Braille Screen 39
"1" or "2" inserts an extra page only if an odd number (1) or an
even number (2) of pages has already been produced. See also
".BL", ".BP", and ".TL".
(7) .FI
Fill: Normally, Turbo Braille ignores line breaks in the
BIF file and produces filled lines of text in the braille output.
This command restores that condition (called "filling") after it
has been suspended. Usage:
.FI
- 39 -
Turbo Braille Screen 40
where there are no arguments. See also ".BR" and ".NF".
(8) .GR
Grade: The grade of braille translation is selected with
this command. Grade 2 is the standard used for braille
publications. Grade 1 uses the same composition rules as Grade
2, but is not contracted. Grade 0 uses the same filling of lines
and formation of pages as grades 1 and 2, but passes all text
directly to the output. Grade 3 is a highly compressed and
contracted form of braille, used by many persons in preparing and
- 40 -
Turbo Braille Screen 41
maintaining personal documents. Usage:
.GR n
where "n" is 0, 1, 2, or 3, for the grade of braille translation
desired. The default is grade 2. See also the imbedded commands
"\0", "\1", "\2", and "\3".
- 41 -
Turbo Braille Screen 42
(9) .HL
Horizontal Line: This command is used to insert twelve
cells of dots two and five in the center of a braille line. It
produces the standard "termination line" used to separate
successive articles, as in braille magazine format. Usage:
.HL
where there are no arguments.
- 42 -
Turbo Braille Screen 43
(10) .IN
Indent: This command indents all lines of text that follow,
until another indentation level is specified. A value must be
specified, which may be given relative to the current indentation
or as the number of positions to indent from any page offset.
Usage:
.IN #
.IN +#
.IN -#
- 43 -
Turbo Braille Screen 44
where "#" is the number of positions to indent, and "+#" or "-#"
are relative to the current indentation. See also ".PO", ".PP",
".RM", and ".TI".
(11) .IT
Italics: The line or lines of text that follow in the BIF
file are italicized in the braille output. The italicized text
is not prevented from being filled with earlier or later text.
Lines of text may be both italicized and centered. This command
may immediately precede or follow the command for centering. A
- 44 -
Turbo Braille Screen 45
centered line that is only partially italicized may not use this
command; the imbedded commands for underscore and boldface are
used instead. Usage:
.IT
.IT #
where "#" specifies how many lines that follow should be
italicized. The default value is one. See also the imbedded
commands "\_" and "\!".
- 45 -
Turbo Braille Screen 46
(12) .LC
Lower Case: Normally, Turbo Braille uses standard
composition signs to indicate capitalization. This command
suspends the use of those signs and treats all text as lower
case. Usage:
.LC
where there are no arguments. See also ".MC".
- 46 -
Turbo Braille Screen 47
(13) .MC
Mixed Case: Normally, Turbo Braille uses standard
composition signs to indicate capitalization. This command
restores the use of those signs and performs normal
capitalization, after it has been suspended with a .LC command.
Usage:
.MC
where there are no arguments. See also ".LC".
- 47 -
Turbo Braille Screen 48
(14) .NE
Need: There are times when braille should not appear on a
page with too few remaining unused lines. This command specifies
a "need" to have a minimum number of unused lines remaining on
the current page before proceeding with the output. If fewer
than the specified number of lines remain, a new page is started.
This is the Turbo Braille equivalent of the "conditional page
break" used in some word processors. Usage:
.NE #
- 48 -
Turbo Braille Screen 49
where "#" is the minimum number of lines that must remain to
permit output of the text that follows.
(15) .NF
No Fill: Normally, Turbo Braille ignores line breaks in the
BIF file and produces filled lines of text in the braille output.
This command suspends the filling process so that every new line
in the BIF file starts a new line of braille. Usage:
.NF
where there are no arguments. See also ".BR" and ".FI".
- 49 -
Turbo Braille Screen 50
(16) .PL
Page Length: Usage:
.PL #
.PL +#
.PL -#
where "#" is the number of lines per braille page, and "+#" or "-
#" are relative to the current page length. The value of "#" may
not exceed the maximum number of lines per page specified for the
selected printer definition.
- 50 -
Turbo Braille Screen 51
(17) .PN
Page Number: This command lets you keep track in the
braille document of print page numbers in the original material.
It has no effect unless print page number display has been
selected with either the ".TL" or the ".BL" command. If the
current position is neither the top line nor the bottom line of
the current braille page, a solid horizontal line is inserted
across the braille page, followed by the new print page number.
If print page numbers advance normally, no argument need be given
- 51 -
Turbo Braille Screen 52
with this command. You may specify a new print page number if
desired. The page number may be relative to the present print
page or an arbitrary page number. Usage:
.PN
.PN #
.PN +#
.PN -#
where "#" is the number of the new print page, and "+#" or "-#"
are relative to the present page number. See also ".BL", ".BP",
and ".TL".
- 52 -
Turbo Braille Screen 53
(18) .PO
Page Offset: This command specifies the number of leading
spaces to add to each line of braille before printing it or
writing it to a file. Page offset affects both left and right
margins equally, and comprises an area "to the left of position
one" which is not available for processing. The argument may
specify a change from the current setting, or may specify an
arbitrary number of leading spaces. The default is no offset.
The page offset plus the right margin may not exceed the maximum
- 53 -
Turbo Braille Screen 54
number of cells per line specified for the selected printer
definition. Usage:
.PO #
.PO +#
.PO -#
where "#" is the number of positions to offset the page, and "+#"
or "-#" are relative to the current page offset. See also ".IN",
".PP", ".RM", and ".TI".
- 54 -
Turbo Braille Screen 55
(19) .PP
Paragraph: This command causes a break in the text filling
process, and indents the next line two positions beyond the
current indentation. Usage:
.PP
where there are no arguments. See also ".IN", ".PO", ".RM", and
".TI".
- 55 -
Turbo Braille Screen 56
(20) .RF
Read File: This command inserts the contents of one file
into another during braille translation. The inserted file is
assumed to be another BIF file, and may contain text, dot
commands, and imbedded commands. It may not contain another
".RF" command. Any number of ".RF" commands may appear in the
file, permitting large documents to be created from several
smaller files, or the automatic inclusion of standard "boiler
plate" passages. Usage:
- 56 -
Turbo Braille Screen 57
.RF filename
where "filename" may specify a file in the current directory, or
may specify another device or directory as well as a file. The
DOS wild card characters are not supported. See also ".SB".
(21) .RH
Running Header: This command allows a running title to be
used in the braille document. Only one title may be in effect at
a time. The title may appear at the top of each page, at the
bottom of each page, or both, on odd pages only, on even pages
- 57 -
Turbo Braille Screen 58
only, or on every page, as desired. The first and third
arguments of the ".TL" or the ".BL" commands determine the
appearance and location of the running title as a header or
footer, respectively. Usage:
.RH text of title
where "text of title" may be any ordinary English text
phrase. Spring characters and print enhancements may not be
used. Capitalization and punctuation are recognized, and
imbedded grade change commands are supported. If no argument is
used, any previous title is canceled. See also ".BL" and ".TL".
- 58 -
Turbo Braille Screen 59
(22) .RM
Right Margin: This command specifies the last cell position
on a braille line. The argument may give a change from the
current setting, or may be an arbitrary cell position. The right
margin plus the page offset may not exceed the maximum width of
the line the printer can print. The number of cells actually
embossed on a line is the right margin less the indentation.
Usage:
.RM #
- 59 -
Turbo Braille Screen 60
.RM +#
.RM -#
where "#" is the rightmost cell position to be embossed on a
line, and "+#" or "-#" are relative to the current right margin.
See also ".IN", ".PP", ".PO", and ".TI".
- 60 -
Turbo Braille Screen 61
(23) .SB
Substitute: A string of text may be substituted for one of
the letters of the alphabet, which may then be used as an
imbedded command. The .SB command defines the substitution so
that later references to the letter in an imbedded command will
retrieve and insert the string at the point of reference.
Substitutions may be defined in one file and invoked in another
with the aid of the ".RF" command. Usage:
.SB x string of text
- 61 -
Turbo Braille Screen 62
where "x" is any letter and "string of text" is any desired
information. Upper and lower case letters are not distinguished
for "x", but case is respected in the string of text. A space
must separate the command name from the letter and the letter
from the string. No special punctuation marks the start or end
of the string. Substitutions may not be nested. See also ".RF"
and the section on imbedded commands.
- 62 -
Turbo Braille Screen 63
(24) .SK
Skip: This command inserts one or more blank lines into the
braille document. It works even if at top of page, where ".SP"
has no effect. With no argument, one blank line is inserted.
Usage:
.SK
.SK #
where "#" is the number of blank lines to insert. See also
".SP".
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(25) .SP
Space: This command inserts one or more blank lines into
the braille document. It has no effect if at top of page. With
no argument, one blank line is inserted. Usage:
.SP
.SP #
where "#" is the number of blank lines to insert. See also
".SK".
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(26) .TI
Temporary Indent: The next line is indented to the
position, or by the number of positions, given in the argument.
No lasting effect on indentation occurs. This command permits
"hanging indents" or "undents" to be made, by first establishing
a permanent indentation of several positions, and then
temporarily indenting the next line fewer positions. Usage:
.TI #
.TI +#
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.TI -#
where "#" is the number of positions to indent the next line
only, and "+#" or "-#" are relative to the current indentation
and are used to indent the next line only. See also ".IN",
".PO", and ".PP".
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(27) .TL
Top Line: The top line of each braille page may be used for
text or may contain a running title. It may also contain no page
number, a roman or arabic braille page number, or a print page
number at the right margin. Identical running titles and page
numbers may be placed on every page, or they may be separately
specified for odd numbered pages and even numbered pages. Usage:
.TL x,y
.TL x,y,1
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.TL x,y,2
where "x" is 0, 1, 2, or 3, for text on the top line, blank space
on the top line, a left adjusted running title, or a centered
running title; and where "y" is 0, 1, 2, or 3 for no page number,
roman braille page number, arabic braille page number, or print
page number. The optional 1 or 2 in the third position applies
the specification to odd numbered pages (1) or to even numbered
pages (2). The default value is ".TL 0,2" to use the top line
for text with arabic braille page numbers on all pages. See also
".EP", ".PN", ".BL", and ".RH".
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(28) .X#
Escape Sequence: The .X# dot commands (.X0, .X1, ... .X9)
are different from other dot commands. They may not appear
within a BIF file; they may only appear on the Turbo Braille
command line or at the TBRL3> prompt. If the corresponding
escape sequence exists, and if the printer has been selected, the
sequence is sent to the printer. The "/X" interactive command
must be used to define the escape sequence, and the "/W" command
must be used to select the printer. Usage:
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.X#
where "#" is a digit from 0 to 9. See also the "/X" Turbo
Braille command.
Imbedded Commands
Imbedded commands may occur on the same line as text in the
BIF file, sandwiched between words, or even imbedded within a
single word to achieve some immediate effect. Each imbedded
command begins with the backslash character "\" and includes
exactly one additional character: either a letter, a digit, or a
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Turbo Braille Screen 71
punctuation mark. If the additional character is also a
backslash character, then an ordinary backslash is recognized.
"\x", where "x" is a letter: This command inserts a string
of text which must previously have been defined in a ".SB" dot
command. The resulting string may contain still other imbedded
commands, but may not contain other substitutions.
"\0", "\1", "\2", "\3", the grade change commands: These
commands change the grade of braille in the middle of
translation. If you know that Turbo Braille incorrectly
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translates something, you can fix it temporarily with these grade
change commands. To prevent "name" from appearing in "ornament"
you may use one of several methods. One is to surround the "n"
or the "a" of "name" with "\1" and "\2" to change to grade 1
uncontracted braille just for that letter. Another method is to
insert "\2" between "n" and "a", or between "a" and "m". This is
a request to change from grade 2 to grade 2, which at first
glance does not make sense. It does however break up the word
"name" quite safely, so that Turbo Braille cannot find it in its
table of contractions.
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"\:", "\.", "\-", the spring characters: These expand when
processed, inserting as many spaces, guide dots, or solid lines
as are required to fill a line. Guide dots use dot #5; solid
lines use dots #3 and #6. Springs may be repeated in a line as
often as needed and in any order, to achieve special formatting
effects. Do not use them in lines being centered, since
centering uses a separate and incompatible mechanism.
"\@", "\#", "\%", page number characters: These commands
let you refer to the current braille page in roman numerals (\@),
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to the current braille page in arabic numerals (\#), or to the
current print page in standard textbook page number format (\%).
Page numbers are placed on the top line or the bottom line with
the dot commands ".TL" and ".BL", and not with these imbedded
commands. If you need to refer to the current braille or print
page anywhere else in a document, you may use these commands.
They may also be used in the strings of text of the ".SB"
command, so that when the letter substitution is made, the
correct current page number in the desired format is used.
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"\!", "\_", print enhancement characters: These commands
are toggles and each must be used twice, once to turn its action
on, and once again to turn it off. The "\!" controls boldface,
and the "\_" controls underscore. Both boldface and underscore
are converted to italics in braille. These commands act
independently from one another, and independently from the dot
command ".IT". You may not, for example, start italics with one
command and expect to terminate it with another. The variety of
methods for italicizing reflects the fact that there are more
methods for enhancing printed text than there are for enhancing
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braille text.
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